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GEM (desktop environment)

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Graphics_Environment_for_Multimedia" title="Graphics Environment for Multimedia">Graphics Environment for Multimedia</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">GEM</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">IBM PC displaying GEM desktop in EGA on a monochrome monitor</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> Lee Jay Lorenzen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1985 (1985-02-28)<a href="#cite_note-ANALOG_TCS_1-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">GEM/3 3.11

/ 3 November 1988 (1988-11-03)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, <a href="Concurrent_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS">Concurrent DOS</a>, <a href="FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a>, <a href="CP/M-68K" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M-68K">CP/M-68K</a>, GEMDOS, <a href="TOS_(Atari)" class="mw-redirect" title="TOS (Atari)">TOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a>, <a href="Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">Windowing system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0-only</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltasoft.com">www.deltasoft.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

GEM (for Graphics Environment Manager<a href="#cite_note-DRI_1988_CDOS-2">[2]</a>) is a discontinued <a href="Operating_environment" title="Operating environment">operating environment</a> released by <a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> in 1985. GEM is known primarily as the native <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> of the <a href="Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> series of computers, providing a <a href="WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a> desktop. It was also available for <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitler_1989-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-DRI_GEM_Announce_1984-4">[4]</a> and shipped with some models from <a href="Amstrad" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a>. It was available on the <a href="BBC_Master" title="BBC Master">BBC Master</a> computer with an <a href="Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">Intel 80186</a> co-processor. GEM is used as the core for some commercial MS-DOS programs, the most notable being <a href="Ventura_Publisher" title="Ventura Publisher">Ventura Publisher</a>. It was ported to other computers that previously lacked graphical interfaces, but never gained traction. The final retail version of GEM was released in 1988.

Digital Research later produced X/GEM for their <a href="FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitler_1989-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CW_1989-5">[5]</a> <a href="Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a> with adaptations for <a href="OS/2_Presentation_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 Presentation Manager">OS/2 Presentation Manager</a><a href="#cite_note-Barney_1987-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitler_1989-3">[3]</a> and the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> under preparation as well.<a href="#cite_note-Fitler_1989-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

In late 1984, GEM started life at DRI as an outgrowth of a more general-purpose graphics library known as GSX (Graphics System Extension),<a href="#cite_note-Wong_1984_GSX-7">[7]</a> written by a team led by Don Heiskell since about 1982.<a href="#cite_note-DRI_1984_DD-8">[8]</a> Lee Jay Lorenzen (at Graphic Software Systems) who had recently left <a href="Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> (the birthplace of the modern GUI) wrote much of the code. GSX was essentially a DRI-specific implementation of the <a href="Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">GKS</a> graphics standard proposed in the late 1970s. GSX was intended to allow DRI to write graphics programs (charting, etc.) for any of the <a href="8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> and <a href="16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> platforms <a href="CP/M-80" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M-80">CP/M-80</a>, <a href="Concurrent_CP/M" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent CP/M">Concurrent CP/M</a>, <a href="CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a> and <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> (<a href="NEC_APC-III" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC APC-III">NEC APC-III</a>) would run on,<a href="#cite_note-DRI_1984_MicroNotes3-9">[9]</a> a task that otherwise would have required considerable effort to port due to the large differences in graphics hardware (and concepts) between the various systems of that era.<a href="#cite_note-Wong_1984_GSX-7">[7]</a>

GSX consisted of two parts: a selection of routines for common drawing operations, and the device drivers that are responsible for handling the actual output. The former was known as GDOS (Graphics Device Operating System) and the latter as GIOS (Graphics Input/Output System),<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_GSX-10">[10]</a> a play on the division of CP/M into the machine-independent <a href="BDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="BDOS">BDOS</a> (Basic Disk Operating System) and the machine-specific <a href="BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> (Basic Input/Output System).<a href="#cite_note-Wong_1984_GSX-7">[7]</a> GDOS was a selection of routines that handled the GKS drawing, while GIOS actually used the underlying hardware to produce the output.<a href="#cite_note-Wong_1984_GSX-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Known_8-bit_device_drivers">Known 8-bit device drivers</h4></div>

<ul><li>DDMODE0 <a href="Amstrad_CPC" title="Amstrad CPC">Amstrad CPC</a> screen in mode 0</li>

<li>DDMODE1 Amstrad CPC screen in mode 1</li>

<li>DDMODE2 Amstrad CPC screen in mode 2</li>

<li>DDSCREEN <a href="Amstrad_PCW" title="Amstrad PCW">Amstrad PCW</a> screen</li>

<li>DDBBC0 <a href="BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a> screen in mode 0</li>

<li>DDBBC1 BBC Micro screen in mode 1</li>

<li>DDGDC, DDNCRDMV <a href="NEC_%CE%BCPD7220" title="NEC μPD7220">NEC μPD7220</a></li>

<li>DDVRET <a href="VT100" title="VT100">VT100</a> + Retro-Graphics GEN.II (aka 4027/<a href="Tektronix_4010" title="Tektronix 4010">4010</a>)</li>

<li>DDTS803 <a href="TeleVideo" title="TeleVideo">TeleVideo</a> screen</li>

<li>DDHP26XX HP 2648 and 2627 terminals<a href="#cite_note-DDHP26XX_2020-11">[11]</a></li>

<li>DDQX10 <a href="QX-10" class="mw-redirect" title="QX-10">QX-10</a> screen</li>

<li>DDFXLR8 Epson <a href="Lo-res" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo-res">lo-res</a>, 8-bit</li>

<li>DDFXHR8 Epson <a href="Hi-res" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-res">hi-res</a>, 8-bit</li>

<li>DDFXLR7 <a href="Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a> and Epson-compatible printers</li>

<li>DDCITOLR <a href="C._Itoh" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Itoh">C. Itoh</a> 8510A <a href="Lo-res" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo-res">lo-res</a></li>

<li>DDCITOH C. Itoh 8510A</li>

<li>DD-DMP1 Amstrad DMP1 printer (aka <a href="Seikosha" title="Seikosha">Seikosha</a> GP500M-2)</li>

<li>DDSHINWA Printers using Shinwa Industries mechanism</li>

<li>DDHP7470, DD7470 <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> <a href="HP_7470" title="HP 7470">HP 7470</a> and compatible pen plotters, <a href="HP-GL/2" class="mw-redirect" title="HP-GL/2">HP-GL/2</a></li>

<li>DD7220 Hewlett-Packard HP 7220, <a href="HP-GL" title="HP-GL">HP-GL</a></li>

<li>DDGEN2 <a href="ReGIS" title="ReGIS">Retro-Graphics</a> GEN.II (<a href="Ratfor" title="Ratfor">Ratfor</a> source code in Programmer's Guide)</li>

<li>DDHI3M <a href="Houston_Instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Instrument">Houston Instrument</a> HiPlot DMP</li>

<li>DDHI7M Houston Instrument HiPlot DMP</li>

<li>DDMX80 <a href="Epson_MX-80" title="Epson MX-80">Epson MX-80</a> + <a href="Graftrax_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Graftrax Plus">Graftrax Plus</a></li>

<li>DDESP Electric Studio Light Pen (<a href="Amstrad_PCW" title="Amstrad PCW">Amstrad PCW</a>)</li>

<li>DDOKI84 <a href="Oki_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Oki Data">Oki Data</a> Microline</li>

<li>DDMF GEM metafile</li>

<li>DDPS <a href="PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> metafile</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Known_16-bit_device_drivers">Known 16-bit device drivers</h4></div>

<li>DDNECAPC <a href="NEC_APC" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC APC">NEC APC</a></li>

<li>NCRPC4 <a href="NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR</a> DecisionMate V</li>

<li>IBMBLMP2, IBMBLMP3 <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a> monochrome mode</li>

<li>IBMBLCP2, IBMBLCP3 IBM CGA color mode</li>

<li>IBMCHMP6</li>

<li>IBMEHFP6, IBMEHMP6, IBMELFP6 IBM <a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a></li>

<li>HERMONP2, IBMHERP3, HERMONP6, <a href="Hercules_Graphics_Card" title="Hercules Graphics Card">Hercules Graphics Card</a> (720×348)</li>

<li>UM85C408AF UMC <a href="Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a> Graphics<a href="#cite_note-UMC-12">[12]</a></li>

<li>DDIDSM IDS Monochrome</li>

<li>DDANADXM Anadex DP-9501 and DP-9001A</li>

<li>DDCITOLR <a href="C._Itoh" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Itoh">C. Itoh</a> 8510A <a href="Lo-res" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo-res">lo-res</a></li>

<li>DDCNTXM <a href="Centronics" title="Centronics">Centronics</a> 351, 352 and 353</li>

<li>DDDS180 Datasouth</li>

<li>DDOKI84 <a href="Oki_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Oki Data">Oki Data</a> Microline</li>

<li>DDPMVP <a href="Printronix" title="Printronix">Printronix</a> MVP</li>

<li>DD3EPSNL IBM/Epson FX-80 lo-res Printer (see DDFXLR7 and DDFXLR8)</li>

<li>DD3EPSNH IBM/Epson FX-80 hi-res Printer (see DDFXHR8)</li>

<li>DD75XHM1 <a href="Regnecentralen" title="Regnecentralen">Regnecentralen</a> RC759 Piccoline</li>

<li>DDGSXM <a href="Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Metafile">Metafile</a></li>

<li>EPSMONH6</li>

<li>IBMHP743 Hewlett-Packard 7470A/7475A Plotter (see DDHP7470 and DD7470)</li>

<li>METAFIL6 <a href="Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Metafile">Metafile</a></li>

<li>PALETTE <a href="Polaroid_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaroid camera">Polaroid camera</a><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1984_MicroNotes2-13">[13]</a></li></ul>

The <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> version of GSX supports loading drivers in the <a href="CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a> <a href="CMD_file_(CP/M)" title="CMD file (CP/M)">CMD</a> format. Consequently, the same driver binary may operate under both CP/M-86 and DOS.<a href="#cite_note-Lineback_GSX-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intel_versions">Intel versions</h4></div>

The 16-bit version of GSX 1.3<a href="#cite_note-Wong_1984_GSX-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-DRI_1984_MicroNotes3-9">[9]</a> evolved into one part of what would later be known as GEM, which was an effort to build a full GUI system using the earlier GSX work as its basis. Originally known as Crystal as a play on an IBM project called Glass, the name was later changed to GEM.

Under GEM, GSX became GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface), responsible for basic graphics and drawing.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_GSX-10">[10]</a> VDI also added the ability to work with multiple <a href="Typeface" title="Typeface">fonts</a> and added a selection of <a href="Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster</a> drawing commands to the formerly <a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector</a>-only GKS-based drawing commands. VDI also added multiple <a href="Viewport" title="Viewport">viewports</a>, a key addition for use with windows.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_VDI-15">[15]</a>

A new module, GEM AES (Application Environment Services), provided the window management and UI elements, and GEM Desktop used both libraries in combination to provide a GUI.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_AES-16">[16]</a> The 8086 version of the entire system was first officially demoed at <a href="COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a> in November 1984,<a href="#cite_note-DRI_GEM_Announce_1984-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitler_1989-3">[3]</a> following a demonstration on the 80286-based <a href="Acorn_Business_Computer" title="Acorn Business Computer">Acorn Business Computer</a> in September 1984 where the software had been attributed to Acorn,<a href="#cite_note-pcw198501_gem-17">[17]</a> and the system was shipped as GEM/1 on 28 February 1985.<a href="#cite_note-ANALOG_TCS_1-1">[1]</a>

GEM Desktop 1.0 was released on 28 February 1985.<a href="#cite_note-ANALOG_TCS_1-1">[1]</a>

GEM Desktop 1.1 was released on 10 April 1985 with support for <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">CGA</a> and <a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a> displays.<a href="#cite_note-Lineback_GEM11-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seasip_GEM11-19">[19]</a>

A version for the <a href="Apricot_Computers" title="Apricot Computers">Apricot Computers</a> F-Series, supporting 640×200 in up to 8 colors, was also available as GEM Desktop 1.2.<a href="#cite_note-Seasip_Apricot-20">[20]</a>

Digital Research also positioned <a href="Concurrent_DOS_4.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 4.1">Concurrent DOS 4.1</a> with GEM as alternative for <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="IBM_TopView" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM TopView">TopView</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CW_1985_CDOS-21">[21]</a>

DRI originally designed GEM for DOS so that it would check for and only run on IBM computers, and not <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">PC compatibles</a> like those from <a href="Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a>, as the company hoped to receive license fees from compatible makers. Developers reacted with what <a href="Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">BYTE</a> described as "a small explosion"; it reported that at a DRI-hosted seminar in February 1985, more than half of the attendees agreed that GEM's incompatibility with Compaq was a serious limitation. Later that month the company removed the restriction.<a href="#cite_note-Markoff_1985-22">[22]</a> Applications that supported GEM included Lifetree Software's <a href="GEM_Write" class="mw-redirect" title="GEM Write">GEM Write</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kisor_1985-23">[23]</a>

At this point, <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a> sued DRI<a href="#cite_note-Dilger_2007-24">[24]</a> in what would turn into a long dispute over the "look and feel" of the GEM/1 system, which was an almost direct copy of <a href="Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> (with some elements bearing a closer resemblance to those in the earlier <a href="Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a>, available since January 1983). This eventually led to DRI being forced to change several basic features of the system.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_1985_GEM-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watt_1985_Apple-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watt_1986_Reorg-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-GUI_History-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dilger_2007-24">[24]</a> (See also: <a href="Apple_v._Digital_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple v. Digital Research">Apple v. Digital Research</a>.) Apple would later go on to sue other companies for similar issues, including their <a href="Apple_Computer%2C_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.">copyright lawsuit against Microsoft and HP</a>.

In addition to printers the system also contained drivers for some more unusual devices such as the <a href="Polaroid_Palette" title="Polaroid Palette">Polaroid Palette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DRI_1984_MicroNotes2-13">[13]</a>

DRI responded with the "lawsuit-friendly" GEM Desktop 2.0, released on 24 March 1986, which eventually added support for <a href="Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a>, sometime after its release in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Lineback_GEM20-29">[29]</a> It allowed the display of only two fixed windows on the "desktop" (though other programs could do what they wished), changed the trash can icon, and removed the animations for things like opening and closing windows. It was otherwise similar to GEM/1, but also included a number of bug fixes and cosmetic improvements.

In 1988 Stewart Alsop II said that GEM was among several GUIs that "have already been knocked out" of the market by Apple, IBM/Microsoft, and others.<a href="#cite_note-Alsop_1988-30">[30]</a>

GEM XM with "GEM Desktop 3.0" was an updated version of GEM/2 in 1986/1987 for <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> (including <a href="DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a>) which allowed task-switching and the ability to run up to ten GEM and DOS programs at once, swapping out to <a href="Expanded_memory" title="Expanded memory">expanded memory</a> (XM) through <a href="Expanded_Memory_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Memory Specification">EMS</a>/<a href="Enhanced_Expanded_Memory_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Expanded Memory Specification">EEMS</a> or to disk (including <a href="RAM_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM disk">RAM disks</a>, thereby also allowing the use of <a href="Extended_memory" title="Extended memory">extended memory</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Schemenaur_1986-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_2013_GEMXM-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-DR_1987_GEMXM-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris_2001-34">[34]</a> Data could be copied and pasted between applications through a <a href="Clipboard_(computing)" title="Clipboard (computing)">clipboard</a> with filter function (a feature later also found in <a href="TaskMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="TaskMAX">TaskMAX</a> under <a href="DR_DOS_6.0" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS 6.0">DR DOS 6.0</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_2013_GEMXM-32">[32]</a> Digital Research planned to offer GEM XM as an option to GEM Draw Plus users and through OEM channels.<a href="#cite_note-Schemenaur_1986-31">[31]</a>

The GEM XM <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> is now freely available under the terms of <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>.

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Concurrent_DOS_XM" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS XM">Concurrent DOS XM</a></div>

The last retail release was GEM/3 Desktop, released on 3 November 1988,<a href="#cite_note-Lineback_GEM311-35">[35]</a> which had speed improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications. Commercial sales of GEM ended with GEM/3; the source code was subsequently made available to a number of DRI's leading customers.

While GEM/2 for the PC still provided a GSX API in addition to the GEM API; GEM/3 no longer did.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott_GSX-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="GEM/4_for_CCP_Artline">GEM/4 for CCP Artline</h5></div>

GEM/4, released in 1990, included the ability to work with <a href="B%C3%A9zier_curve" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a>, a feature still not commonly found outside the <a href="PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> world. This version was produced specifically for <a href="Artline_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artline (program)">Artline</a> 2, a drawing program from the German company CCP Development GmbH.<a href="#cite_note-DR_1990_Artline_URG-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-CW_1990_Artline-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seasip_GEM4-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krautter_1999-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-DR_1990_Artline_IST-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-DR_1990_Artline_GUG-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-DR_1991_Artline_RN-42">[42]</a>

The system also included changes to the font management system, which made it incompatible with the likes of <a href="Timeworks_Publisher" title="Timeworks Publisher">Timeworks Publisher</a>.

Artline 1 still ran on GEM 3.1.<a href="#cite_note-Krautter_1999-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="GEM/5_for_GST_Timeworks_Publisher">GEM/5 for GST Timeworks Publisher</h5></div>

Another version of GEM called GEM/5<a href="#cite_note-Seasip_GEM5-43">[43]</a> was produced by <a href="GST_Software_Products" class="mw-redirect" title="GST Software Products">GST Software Products</a> for <a href="Timeworks" title="Timeworks">Timeworks</a>' <a href="Timeworks_Publisher" title="Timeworks Publisher">Publisher</a> 2.1. It contained an updated look with 3D buttons, along with features such as on-the-fly font scaling. It came complete with all the standard GEM 3.1 tools. This version was produced from GEM 3.13 with only the Bézier handling taken from GEM/4.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="ViewMAX_for_DR_DOS">ViewMAX for DR DOS</h5></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a></div>

GEM Desktop itself was spun off in 1990 as a product known as <a href="ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a> which was used solely as a file management shell under <a href="DR_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a>. In this form the system could not run other GEM programs. This led to a situation where a number of applications (including ViewMAX) could exist all with their own <a href="Static_build" title="Static build">statically linked</a> copy of the GEM system. This scenario was actually rare, as few native GEM programs were published. In 1991, <a href="ViewMAX_2" class="mw-redirect" title="ViewMAX 2">ViewMAX 2</a> was released.

In these forms, GEM survived until DRI was purchased by <a href="Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a> in June 1991<a href="#cite_note-Scott_1991-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-BW_1991-45">[45]</a> and all GEM development was cancelled.

Throughout this time DRI had also been working on making the GEM system capable of multitasking. This started with X/GEM based on GEM/1, but this required use of one of the multitasking CP/M-based operating systems. DRI also produced X/GEM for their <a href="FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitler_1989-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-CW_1989-5">[5]</a> <a href="Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a> with adaptations for <a href="OS/2_Presentation_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 Presentation Manager">OS/2 Presentation Manager</a><a href="#cite_note-Barney_1987-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitler_1989-3">[3]</a> and the <a href="X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> under preparation as well.<a href="#cite_note-Fitler_1989-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ventura_Publisher">Ventura Publisher</h5></div>

Lee Lorenzen left soon after the release of GEM/1, when it became clear that DRI had no strong interest in application development. He then joined with two other former DRI employees, Don Heiskell and John Meyer, to start <a href="Ventura_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventura Software">Ventura Software</a>. They developed <a href="Ventura_Publisher" title="Ventura Publisher">Ventura Publisher</a> (which was later marketed by <a href="Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> and eventually by <a href="Corel" class="mw-redirect" title="Corel">Corel</a>), which would go on to be a very popular <a href="Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a> program for some time.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atari_versions">Atari versions</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">Atari TOS</a></div>

Development of the production 68000 version of GEM began in September 1984, when Atari sent a team called "The Monterey Group" to <a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> to begin work on porting GEM. Originally, the plan was to run GEM on top of <a href="CP/M-68K" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M-68K">CP/M-68K</a>, both ostensibly ported to <a href="Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> by DRI prior to the ST design being created. In fact, these ports were unusable and would require considerable development. Digital Research also offered GEMDOS (originally written as GEM DOS, it was also called "Project Jason"), a DOS-like operating system aimed to port GEM to different hardware platforms. It was available for <a href="Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> and <a href="Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68000</a> processors and had been adapted to the <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="Lisa_2/5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa 2/5">Lisa 2/5</a> and the <a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> <a href="VME_board" class="mw-redirect" title="VME board">VME</a>/10<a href="#cite_note-Motorola_VME10-46">[46]</a> development system.<a href="#cite_note-Harris_GEMDOS-47">[47]</a> Atari decided in January 1985<a href="#cite_note-Landon_2008-48">[48]</a> to give up on the existing CP/M-68K code and instead port DRI GEMDOS to the Atari ST platform, referring to it as <a href="Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">TOS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels_1988-49">[49]</a>

As Atari had provided most of the development of the 68000 version, they were given full rights to continued developments without needing to reverse-license it back to DRI. As a result, the Apple-DRI lawsuit did not apply to the Atari versions of GEM, and they were allowed to keep a more Mac-like UI.

Over the next seven years, from 1985 to 1992, new versions of TOS were released with each new generation of the ST line. Updates included support for more colors and higher resolutions in the raster-side of the system, but remained generally similar to the original in terms of GKS support. In 1992, Atari released TOS 4, or <a href="MultiTOS" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiTOS">MultiTOS</a>, along with their final computer system, the <a href="Falcon030" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon030">Falcon030</a>. In combination with <a href="MiNT" title="MiNT">MiNT</a>, TOS 4 allowed full multitasking support in GEM.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continued_development">Continued development</h4></div>

When <a href="Caldera_(company)" title="Caldera (company)">Caldera</a> bought the remaining Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996,<a href="#cite_note-Leon_1996_Caldera-50">[50]</a> initial plans were to revive GEM and ViewMAX technologies for a low-footprint user interface for <a href="OpenDOS" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDOS">OpenDOS</a> in mobile applications<a href="#cite_note-Caldera_1997_WebSpyder-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jemmett_1999-52">[52]</a> as <a href="Caldera_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera View">Caldera View</a>, but these plans were abandoned by <a href="Caldera_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera UK">Caldera UK</a> in favour of <a href="DR-WebSpyder" title="DR-WebSpyder">DR-WebSpyder</a> and <a href="Graphical_ROMable_Object_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical ROMable Object Windows">GROW</a>. <a href="Caldera_Thin_Clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera Thin Clients">Caldera Thin Clients</a> (later known as <a href="Lineo" title="Lineo">Lineo</a>) released the source to GEM and GEM XM under the terms of <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL-2.0-only</a> in April 1999.<a href="#cite_note-Jemmett_1999-52">[52]</a> The development of GEM for PC continues as <a href="FreeGEM" title="FreeGEM">FreeGEM</a> and <a href="OpenGEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenGEM">OpenGEM</a>.

On the Atari ST platform, the original DRI sources were ported again to be used in the free and open source <a href="Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">TOS</a> clone <a href="EmuTOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EmuTOS">EmuTOS</a>. New implementations of the AES portions of GEM have been implemented from scratch in the form of <a href="XaAES" title="XaAES">XaAES</a>, and MyAES,<a href="#cite_note-MyAES-53">[53]</a> both of which are fully re-entrant and support multitasking on top of the <a href="MiNT" title="MiNT">FreeMiNT</a> multitasking extensions to <a href="Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">TOS</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

The "full" GEM system consisted of three main parts:

<ol><li>GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface)</li>

<li>GEM AES (Application Environment Services)</li>

<li>GEM Desktop (an application providing drag-and-drop file management)</li></ol>

GEM VDI was the core graphics system of the overall GEM engine. It was responsible for "low level" drawing in the form of "draw line from here to here". VDI included a resolution and coordinate independent set of vector drawing instructions which were called from applications through a fairly simple interface. VDI also included environment information (state, or context), current color, line thickness, output device, etc.

These commands were then examined by GDOS, whose task it was to send the commands to the proper driver for actual rendering. For instance, if a particular GEM VDI environment was connected to the screen, the VDI instructions were then routed to the screen driver for drawing. Simply changing the environment to point to the printer was all that was needed (in theory) to print, dramatically reducing the developer workload (they formerly had to do printing "by hand" in all applications). GDOS was also responsible for loading up the drivers and any requested fonts when GEM was first loaded.

One major advantage VDI provided over the Macintosh was the way multiple devices and contexts were handled. In the Mac such information was stored in memory inside the application. This resulted in serious problems when attempting to make the Mac handle pre-emptive multitasking, as the drawing layer (<a href="QuickDraw" title="QuickDraw">QuickDraw</a>) needed to have direct memory access into all programs. In GEM VDI however, such information was stored in the device itself, with GDOS creating "virtual devices" for every context – each window for instance.

GEM AES provided the window system, window manager, UI style and other GUI elements (widgets). For performance reasons, many of the GUI widgets were actually drawn using character graphics. Compared to the Macintosh, AES provided a rather spartan look and the system shipped with a single monospaced font.

AES performs its operations by calling the VDI, but in a more general sense the two parts of GEM were often completely separated in applications. Applications typically called AES commands to set up a new window, with the rest of the application using VDI calls to actually draw into that window.

GEM Desktop was an application program that used AES to provide a file manager and launcher, the traditional "desktop" environment that users had come to expect from the Macintosh. Unlike the Macintosh, the GEM Desktop ran on top of DOS (<a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, <a href="DOS_Plus" title="DOS Plus">DOS Plus</a> or <a href="DR_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="DR DOS">DR DOS</a> on the PC, GEMDOS/<a href="Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">TOS</a> on the Atari), and as a result the actual display was cluttered with computer-like items, including path names and wildcards. In general, GEM was much more "geeky" than the Mac, but simply running a usable shell on DOS was a huge achievement on its own. Otherwise, GEM has its own advantages over Mac OS such as proportional sliders.

Native PC GEM applications use the file extension .APP for executables, whereas GEM desktop accessories use the file extension .ACC instead.<a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN-55">[55]</a> All desktop accessories (and also a few simple applications) can be run under ViewMAX without modification.<a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN-55">[55]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Atari_TOS" title="Atari TOS">Atari TOS</a></li>

<li><a href="EmuTOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EmuTOS">EmuTOS</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeGEM" title="FreeGEM">FreeGEM</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenGEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenGEM">OpenGEM</a></li>

<li><a href="GEM_character_set" title="GEM character set">GEM character set</a></li>

<li><a href="Atari_ST_character_set" title="Atari ST character set">Atari ST character set</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_construction_set" title="Resource construction set">Resource construction set</a> (RCS)</li>

<li><a href="Pantone_Color_Computer_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantone Color Computer Graphics">Pantone Color Computer Graphics</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-DRI_1984_MicroNotes3-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1984_MicroNotes3_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRI_1984_MicroNotes3_9-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_full.pdf">"Language bindings available on data base services"</a> (PDF). <a href="Micro_Notes_(Digital_Research)" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Notes (Digital Research)">Micro Notes</a> - Technical information on Digital Research products. Vol. 2, no. 3. Pacific Grove, California, USA: <a href="Digital_Research%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research, Inc.">Digital Research, Inc.</a> July 1984. p. 4. NWS-106-003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211005618/https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-02-11. <q>[…] Further documentation in the form of the GSX Language Reference manual is available for 16-bit DRI languages inside the GSX-86 Programmer's Toolkit. The product contains both versions of the newest GSX version 1.3 - one for CP/M-86 (including Concurrent CP/M) and the other for PC-DOS. […]</q></cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211102248/https://www.z80cpu.eu/mirrors/oldcomputers.dyndns.org/public/pub/manuals/DRI_Micronotes_Vol2_1,2,3_bw_full.pdf">[1]</a>

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<li id="cite_note-DDHP26XX_2020-11"><a href="#cite_ref-DDHP26XX_2020_11-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728224147/http://www.vcfed.org/forum/showthread.php?73271-GSX-for-CP-M-2-2">"New driver source"</a>. 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vcfed.org/forum/showthread.php?73271-GSX-for-CP-M-2-2">the original</a> on 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2020-07-28.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-NYT_1985_GEM-25"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1985_GEM_25-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/01/business/digital-research-to-modify-gem.html">"Digital Research To Modify GEM"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (National ed.). 1985-10-01. p. D-4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193153/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/01/business/digital-research-to-modify-gem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2020-01-12.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-CW_1990_Artline-37"><a href="#cite_ref-CW_1990_Artline_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112002517/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/unter-gem-oberflaeche-illustrieren-und-praesentieren,1144263">"Digital Research stellt Artline 2 vor - Unter GEM-Oberfläche illustrieren und präsentieren"</a>. <a href="Computerwoche" title="Computerwoche">Computerwoche</a> (in German). Munich, Germany: <a href="IDG_Business_Media_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDG Business Media GmbH">IDG Business Media GmbH</a>. 1990-02-09. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0170-5121">0170-5121</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerwoche.de/a/unter-gem-oberflaeche-illustrieren-und-praesentieren,1144263">the original</a> on 2020-01-12. Retrieved 2020-01-12.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Seasip_GEM4-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Seasip_GEM4_38-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFElliott" class="citation web cs1">Elliott, John C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gem4.html">"Screenshots of GEM/4"</a>. Seasip.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610112712/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gem4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2016-08-01.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Krautter_1999-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krautter_1999_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krautter_1999_39-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrautterBarnes2006" class="citation web cs1">Krautter, Thomas; Barnes, Chris J. (2006-06-14) [1999-12-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simpits.org/pipermail/gem-dev/2006-June/001176.html">"GEM/4"</a>. GEM Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316085447/http://www.simpits.org/pipermail/gem-dev/2006-June/001176.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2020-01-12. <q>[…] In general, I like the idea of releasing Artline 1 and/or 2 to the public domain, given, some general things are discussed. […] comments on Artline, because the application all the time has been our own copyright, all code was written at CCP, the trademark has been <a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>'s (now it's ours) and the Artline 2 Operating System has been GEM/4. Artline 1 needs GEM 3.1, while all changes to GEM/4 have been made in cooperation with Lee Lorenzen and Don Heiskell to keep compatibility with <a href="Ventura_Publisher" title="Ventura Publisher">ventura publisher</a>. Bill Herndon is currently checking his archive to see, if he may contribute GEM/4 VDI and driver sources. […]</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DR_1990_Artline_IST-40"><a href="#cite_ref-DR_1990_Artline_IST_40-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_digitalRes2.051612052002ArtlineInstallationStartup_6997120/5161-2052-002_Artline_Installation_Startup_Tutorial_Nov90_djvu.txt">Digital Research Artline Installation / Startup</a> (2 ed.). <a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> / CCP Development GmbH. November 1990 [1988]. 5161-2052-002. Retrieved 2020-01-12.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DR_1990_Artline_GUG-41"><a href="#cite_ref-DR_1990_Artline_GUG_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_digitalRes2.051612042002ArtlineGraphicsUtilitiesGu_2640303/5161-2042-002_Artline_Graphics_Utilities_Guide_Aug90_djvu.txt">Digital Research Artline Graphics Utilities Guide</a> (1 ed.). <a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> / CCP Development GmbH. August 1990 [1988]. 5161-2042-002. Retrieved 2020-01-12.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DR_1991_Artline_RN-42"><a href="#cite_ref-DR_1991_Artline_RN_42-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usermanual.wiki/Document/51611001003ArtlineReleaseNote233Jan91.2932260941/view">Artline Release Note</a> (3 ed.). January 1991. 5161-1001-003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200112020823/https://usermanual.wiki/Document/51611001003ArtlineReleaseNote233Jan91.2932260941/view">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-12. Retrieved 2020-01-12.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://usermanual.wiki/Document/51611001003ArtlineReleaseNote233Jan91.2932260941/help">[3]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Seasip_GEM5-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Seasip_GEM5_43-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFElliott" class="citation web cs1">Elliott, John C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gem5.html">"Screenshots of GEM/5"</a>. Seasip.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610112840/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/gem5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2016-08-01.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Scott_1991-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_1991_44-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFScott1991" class="citation news cs1">Scott, Karyl (1991-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33">"Novell/DRI merger to reap better client management"</a>. <a href="InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. Networking. Vol. 13, no. 30. <a href="InfoWorld_Publishing_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWorld Publishing Co.">InfoWorld Publishing Co.</a> p. 33. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209155946/https://books.google.de/books?id=mVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-09. Retrieved 2017-01-21.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BW_1991-45"><a href="#cite_ref-BW_1991_45-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html">"Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement"</a>. <a href="Business_Wire" title="Business Wire">Business Wire</a>. 1991-07-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818133749/https://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-18. Retrieved 2017-01-24.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Motorola_VME10-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_VME10_46-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/motorola/VME_10/M68KVSOM_D1_VME_10_Microcomputer_System_Overview_Manual_Feb84.pdf">"Motorola VME/10 Microcomputer System Overview Manual"</a> (PDF) (1 ed.). <a href="Motorola_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola Inc.">Motorola Inc.</a> February 1984. M68KVSOM/D1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127151756/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/motorola/VME_10/M68KVSOM_D1_VME_10_Microcomputer_System_Overview_Manual_Feb84.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2020-01-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Harris_GEMDOS-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_GEMDOS_47-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060713152657/http://dylanharris.org/prose/gem/gemdos.zip">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dylanharris.org/prose/gem/gemdos.zip">the original</a> on 2006-07-13. Retrieved 2018-09-12.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Landon_2008-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Landon_2008_48-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDyer" class="citation web cs1">Dyer, Landon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010044524/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=1000">"The Atari ST, Part 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=1000">the original</a> on 2018-10-10.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Daniels_1988-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Daniels_1988_49-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDaniels1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Daniels, Jeffrey (Summer 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/startv3n1/threeyearsofst.html">"3 Years With the ST - An exclusive look inside Tramiel's Atari"</a>. <a href="STart_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="STart (magazine)">STart</a> - The ST Quarterly. START Magazine Archive. Vol. 3, no. 1. <a href="Antic_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Antic Publishing">Antic Publishing</a>. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102154739/https://www.atarimagazines.com/startv3n1/threeyearsofst.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-02. Retrieved 2020-01-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Leon_1996_Caldera-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Leon_1996_Caldera_50-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeon1996" class="citation news cs1">Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3">"Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft"</a>. <a href="InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. News. Vol. 18, no. 31. <a href="InfoWorld_Publishing_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="InfoWorld Publishing Co.">InfoWorld Publishing Co.</a> p. 3. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-6649">0199-6649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208123222/https://books.google.de/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PP1&focus=viewport&hl=de">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2020-02-08.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Jj0EAAAAMBAJ/page/n6/mode/1up">[4]</a>; <cite id="CITEREFLeon1996" class="citation news cs1">Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823043437/https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/">"Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Microsoft's response: lawsuit is 'ironic and sad'"</a>. <a href="Computerworld_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerworld New Zealand">Computerworld New Zealand</a>. <a href="IDG_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="IDG Communications">IDG Communications</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0113-1494">0113-1494</a>. CMPWNZ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/">the original</a> on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2018-02-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Caldera_1997_WebSpyder-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Caldera_1997_WebSpyder_51-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMorris1997" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Joseph P., ed. (1997-05-23) [1997-05-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/1997/05/23/11:49:03">"Caldera Announces OEM Availability of "Web-TV"-like Functionality Using OpenDOS - Caldera WebSpyder Adds Customizable Inter/Intranet Functionality to OEM Solutions"</a>. Provo, Utah, USA: <a href="Caldera%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera, Inc.">Caldera, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826121756/http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos%2F1997%2F05%2F23%2F11%3A49%3A03">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2018-08-26 – via www.delorie.com/opendos.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jemmett_1999-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jemmett_1999_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jemmett_1999_52-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFJemmett1999" class="citation web cs1">Jemmett, Ben A. L. (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm">"Caldera releases GEM under the GPL"</a>. Deltasoft - GEM News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107145947/http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. <q><a href="Caldera_Thin_Clients%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.">Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.</a> released the source code for GEM and <a href="ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a> under the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from <a href="Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a> along with the <a href="DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> in 1996, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MyAES-53"><a href="#cite_ref-MyAES_53-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLandemarreRivièreMéquignonReboux2017" class="citation web cs1">Landemarre, Olivier; Rivière, Vincent; Méquignon, Didier; Reboux, Eric; Bercegeay, Arnaud; Béréziat, Dominique; Zorro; Donzé, Philipp; Lemaire, Jean Francois; Sevin, Roland; Stocklausen, Jean-Marc; Boudet, Frédéric; Mandin, Patrice, eds. (2017-12-10) [2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myaes.lutece.net/">"MyAES"</a>. Release: 0.97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102084038/http://myaes.lutece.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-02. Retrieved 2020-01-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN_54-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPaul1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul, Matthias R. (1997-04-13) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm">DRDOS6UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0</a>. MPDOSTIP (in German) (60 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107122830/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN_55-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPaul1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul, Matthias R. (1997-06-07) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm">NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7</a>. MPDOSTIP (in German) (85 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107122352/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hack42_Apricot_Portable_Technical_Reference_Manual_Sections">Apricot Portable - Technical Reference Manual</a>. Vol. Section 3: Software. <a href="ACT_(International)_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT (International) Limited">ACT (International) Limited</a>. 1984. Retrieved 2020-01-13.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/hack42_Apricot_Portable_Technical_Reference_Manual_Sections_djvu.txt">[5]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/hack42_Apricot_Portable_Technical_Reference_Manual_Sections_text.pdf">[6]</a> (228 pages)</li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/gsx/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83.pdf">GSX Graphics Extension - Programmer's Guide</a> (PDF) (2 ed.). <a href="Digital_Research_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research Inc.">Digital Research Inc.</a> September 1983. 5000-2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211113301/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/gsx/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-01-13.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_digitalResGraphicsExtensionProgrammersGuideSep83_2557741/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83">[7]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_digitalResGraphicsExtensionProgrammersGuideSep83_2557741/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83_djvu.txt">[8]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/bitsavers_digitalResGraphicsExtensionProgrammersGuideSep83_2557741/5000-2024_GSX_Graphics_Extension_Programmers_Guide_Sep83_text.pdf">[9]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Graphics_Environment_Manager" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Graphics Environment Manager">Graphics Environment Manager</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deltasoft.com/">GEM</a> - history, documentation and links to various open-source GEM projects</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aranym.github.io/afros.html">Afros</a> - a distribution of Atari OS components (consisting of for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emutos.sourceforge.net/en/">EmuTOS</a>), aimed specifically at ARAnyM</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aranym.github.io/">Aranym</a> Atari Running on Any Machine: an open source emulator/virtual machine that can run Atari GEM applications</li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/gemworld.html">"GEM : THE PROJECT"</a>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=995">Creating of TOS (part 1)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512111825/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=995">Archived</a> 2011-05-12 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Landon Dyer, one of original member of "The Monterey Group"</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=1000">Creating of TOS (part 2)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921220814/http://www.dadhacker.com/blog/?p=1000">Archived</a> 2010-09-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Landon Dyer, one of original member of "The Monterey Group"</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMacin1985">GEM demo 1985 Most of the program is about the MAC</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Elliott" class="citation web cs1">John C. Elliott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seasip.info/Gem/index.html#archive">"Intel GEM main page"</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Digital_Research158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorothy_McEwen_Kildall" title="Dorothy McEwen Kildall">Dorothy McEwen Kildall</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_Eubanks" title="Gordon Eubanks">Gordon Eubanks</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Rolander" title="Tom Rolander">Tom Rolander</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathryn_Strutynski" title="Kathryn Strutynski">Kathryn Strutynski</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_R._McCracken" title="Edward R. McCracken">Edward R. McCracken</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CBASIC" title="CBASIC">CBASIC</a></li>

<li><a href="Dr._Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Scheme">Dr. Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="Atari_Pascal" title="Atari Pascal">Atari Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal/MT%2B" title="Pascal/MT+">Pascal/MT+</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a>, technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BatteryMAX" title="BatteryMAX">BatteryMAX</a></li>

<li><a href="DOS_Protected_Mode_Services" title="DOS Protected Mode Services">DOS Protected Mode Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_debugging_technique" title="Dynamic debugging technique">Dynamic Debugging Tool</a></li>

<li><a href="File_Control_Block" title="File Control Block">File Control Block</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="GEM_character_set" title="GEM character set">GEM character set</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Peripheral_Interchange_Program" title="Peripheral Interchange Program">Peripheral Interchange Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_construction_set" title="Resource construction set">Resource construction set</a></li>

<li><a href="ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="FlexOS" title="FlexOS">FlexOS</a></li>

<li><a href="IMDOS" title="IMDOS">IMDOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CPMulator" title="CPMulator">CPMulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek project</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_computers_running_CP/M" title="List of computers running CP/M">List of computers running CP/M</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="File_managers_(comparison)224" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="File_managers_(comparison)224" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="File_manager" title="File manager">File managers</a> (<a href="Comparison_of_file_managers" title="Comparison of file managers">comparison</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dired" title="Dired">Dired</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolphin_(file_manager)" title="Dolphin (file manager)">Dolphin</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_Commander" title="Double Commander">Double Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="Midnight_Commander" title="Midnight Commander">Midnight Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="MuCommander" title="MuCommander">MuCommander</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="EmelFM2" title="EmelFM2">emelFM2</a></li>

<li><a href="Gentoo_(file_manager)" title="Gentoo (file manager)">gentoo</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Commander" title="GNOME Commander">GNOME Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Files" title="GNOME Files">GNOME Files</a></li>

<li><a href="Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li>

<li><a href="Krusader" title="Krusader">Krusader</a></li>

<li><a href="PCMan_File_Manager" title="PCMan File Manager">PCManFM</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_(file_manager)" title="Ranger (file manager)">ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceFM" title="SpaceFM">SpaceFM</a></li>

<li><a href="Thunar" title="Thunar">Thunar</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DOS_Navigator" title="DOS Navigator">DOS Navigator</a></li>

<li><a href="DOS_Shell" title="DOS Shell">DOS Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="PathMinder" title="PathMinder">PathMinder</a></li>

<li><a href="PC_Tools_(software)" title="PC Tools (software)">PC Shell</a></li>

<li><a href="ViewMAX" title="ViewMAX">ViewMAX</a></li>

<li><a href="Volkov_Commander" title="Volkov Commander">Volkov Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="XTree" title="XTree">XTree</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DOS_Navigator" title="DOS Navigator">DOS Navigator</a></li>

<li><a href="Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer / Windows Explorer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altap_Salamander" title="Altap Salamander">Altap Salamander</a></li>

<li><a href="Directory_Opus" title="Directory Opus">Directory Opus</a></li>

<li><a href="DOS_Navigator" title="DOS Navigator">DOS Navigator</a></li>

<li><a href="Explorer%2B%2B" title="Explorer++">Explorer++</a></li>

<li><a href="Far_Manager" title="Far Manager">Far Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="STDU_Explorer" title="STDU Explorer">STDU Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_Commander" title="Total Commander">Total Commander</a></li>

<li><a href="WinSCP" title="WinSCP">WinSCP</a></li>

<li><a href="Xplorer%C2%B2" title="Xplorer²">xplorer²</a></li>

<li><a href="XTree" title="XTree">XTree</a></li>

<li><a href="XYplorer" title="XYplorer">XYplorer</a></li>

<li><a href="ZTreeWin" title="ZTreeWin">ZTreeWin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Macintosh_operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh operating systems">Macintosh OSs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Classic_Mac_OS27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commander_One" title="Commander One">Commander One</a></li>

<li><a href="Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li>

<li><a href="ForkLift_(file_manager)" title="ForkLift (file manager)">ForkLift</a></li>

<li><a href="Path_Finder" title="Path Finder">Path Finder</a></li>

<li><a href="Xfile" title="Xfile">Xfile</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenTracker" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenTracker">OpenTracker</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracker_(file_manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker (file manager)">Tracker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=GEM_(desktop_environment)&oldid=1303046373">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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